2018 Çıkmış Sorular Çöz (Part 7) - Yökdil Okuma Parçaları - Yökdil Paragraf Soruları
Tebrikler - 2018 Çıkmış Sorular Çöz (Part 7) - Yökdil Okuma Parçaları - Yökdil Paragraf Soruları adlı sınavı başarıyla tamamladınız.
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Soru 1 |
‘Heritability’ is a measure of the relative importance of genes in determining variation in qualitative traits among individuals. However, the calculated heritability value is unique to the population in which it was measured and to the environment of that population. The specificity of heritability means that we should be very cautious when using heritability to measure the general importance of genes to the development of a trait. A famous misapplication of heritability comes from the book The Bell Curve, by Charles Herrnstein and Richard Murray, published in 1994. In this book, the authors report that IQ scores differ among subpopulations in the United States. Among white Americans, IQ averages are around 100 while among African-American populations, IQ averages are nearly 15 points lower. Using a conservative estimate of the heritability of intelligence, they argued that the IQ differences between whites and blacks are primarily due to a genetic difference in intelligence between these groups. However, on closer look, we can see that Herrnstein and Murray’s conclusion is flawed. These differences could be entirely due to environment. Given the history and current social and economic status of African-Americans in the United States, it is certainly possible that their environment is less enriched than the average environment experienced by a white individual.
According to the text, Herrnstein and Murray’s research -------.
deals with environmental problems | |
is questionable due to a mistake in
application of heritability | |
is the best work on IQ up to date | |
is flawless in terms of methods applied | |
was published in the first half of the
twentieth century |
Soru 2 |
‘Heritability’ is a measure of the relative importance of genes in determining variation in qualitative traits among individuals. However, the calculated heritability value is unique to the population in which it was measured and to the environment of that population. The specificity of heritability means that we should be very cautious when using heritability to measure the general importance of genes to the development of a trait. A famous misapplication of heritability comes from the book The Bell Curve, by Charles Herrnstein and Richard Murray, published in 1994. In this book, the authors report that IQ scores differ among subpopulations in the United States. Among white Americans, IQ averages are around 100 while among African-American populations, IQ averages are nearly 15 points lower. Using a conservative estimate of the heritability of intelligence, they argued that the IQ differences between whites and blacks are primarily due to a genetic difference in intelligence between these groups. However, on closer look, we can see that Herrnstein and Murray’s conclusion is flawed. These differences could be entirely due to environment. Given the history and current social and economic status of African-Americans in the United States, it is certainly possible that their environment is less enriched than the average environment experienced by a white individual.
It can be clearly understood from the text that -------.
the heritability value of IQ is constant for all
populations and cultures | |
white Americans scored lower than
African-Americans in the IQ test | |
Herrnstein and Murray have rejected using
IQ scores in their research | |
there is no simple causal relationship
between IQ and race | |
environment is the only variable affecting
the intelligence leve |
Soru 3 |
‘Heritability’ is a measure of the relative importance of genes in determining variation in qualitative traits among individuals. However, the calculated heritability value is unique to the population in which it was measured and to the environment of that population. The specificity of heritability means that we should be very cautious when using heritability to measure the general importance of genes to the development of a trait. A famous misapplication of heritability comes from the book The Bell Curve, by Charles Herrnstein and Richard Murray, published in 1994. In this book, the authors report that IQ scores differ among subpopulations in the United States. Among white Americans, IQ averages are around 100 while among African-American populations, IQ averages are nearly 15 points lower. Using a conservative estimate of the heritability of intelligence, they argued that the IQ differences between whites and blacks are primarily due to a genetic difference in intelligence between these groups. However, on closer look, we can see that Herrnstein and Murray’s conclusion is flawed. These differences could be entirely due to environment. Given the history and current social and economic status of African-Americans in the United States, it is certainly possible that their environment is less enriched than the average environment experienced by a white individual.
The text is mainly about -------.
IQ levels of African-Americans living in the
United States | |
a comparative study of IQ scores between
two groups in Africa | |
a well-known misapplication of heritability in
IQ testing | |
the high living standards of
African-Americans | |
the different editions of a book on IQ scores
titled The Bell Curve |
Soru 4 |
In addition to temperature, other factors such as the availability of water, prevalence of high winds, and the duration and intensity of sunlight also limit the geographical areas in which various crops can be grown. However, as far as getting the best crop is concerned, even when fruit trees have bloomed satisfactorily, temperature can be a determinant of whether a good crop will be harvested. Most deciduous fruits need pollination, which is normally done by honeybees. If the temperature is not right, the bees just quit flying, and that can mean a very poor crop indeed. Even if the bees fly and pollen is spread, the pollen must germinate and the pollen tube grow down to the ovule, a process that can be severely restricted by unseasonably low temperatures. And even when pollination has been successful, the growth of individual grape berries (botanically, grapes are berries) can be restricted by both too high and too low temperatures.
It is clear from the text that -------.
new drug tests must be conducted on
certain plants | |
inadequate sunlight can be disregarded
when trees have bloomed satisfactorily | |
crops may not fully develop unless
temperatures are suitable | |
the success of the pollination process
depends solely on the quality of the plant | |
the development of deciduous fruits is
induced by pollination without bees |
Soru 5 |
In addition to temperature, other factors such as the availability of water, prevalence of high winds, and the duration and intensity of sunlight also limit the geographical areas in which various crops can be grown. However, as far as getting the best crop is concerned, even when fruit trees have bloomed satisfactorily, temperature can be a determinant of whether a good crop will be harvested. Most deciduous fruits need pollination, which is normally done by honeybees. If the temperature is not right, the bees just quit flying, and that can mean a very poor crop indeed. Even if the bees fly and pollen is spread, the pollen must germinate and the pollen tube grow down to the ovule, a process that can be severely restricted by unseasonably low temperatures. And even when pollination has been successful, the growth of individual grape berries (botanically, grapes are berries) can be restricted by both too high and too low temperatures.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that affects crop growth?
Successful pollen germination | |
Existence of sufficient water | |
Fluctuations in temperature | |
Pollination agents like honeybees | |
The taste of fruits |
Soru 6 |
In addition to temperature, other factors such as the availability of water, prevalence of high winds, and the duration and intensity of sunlight also limit the geographical areas in which various crops can be grown. However, as far as getting the best crop is concerned, even when fruit trees have bloomed satisfactorily, temperature can be a determinant of whether a good crop will be harvested. Most deciduous fruits need pollination, which is normally done by honeybees. If the temperature is not right, the bees just quit flying, and that can mean a very poor crop indeed. Even if the bees fly and pollen is spread, the pollen must germinate and the pollen tube grow down to the ovule, a process that can be severely restricted by unseasonably low temperatures. And even when pollination has been successful, the growth of individual grape berries (botanically, grapes are berries) can be restricted by both too high and too low temperatures.
The text is mainly about -------.
the role of temperature on the post-harvest
process | |
the significant role of temperature in growing
good crops | |
factors behind the crop variety in some
regions
| |
the difficulty in detecting honey bees | |
adaptation of pollination in other fields of
study |
Soru 7 |
Fusion energy almost sounds too good to be true because of zero greenhouse gas emissions, no long-lived radioactive waste, and nearly unlimited fuel supply. Yet, fusion power designs are not cheap enough to outperform systems that use fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. However, University of Washington engineers hope to change that. They have designed a concept for a fusion reactor that, when scaled up to the size of a large electrical power plant, would rival costs for a new coal-fired plant with similar electrical output. The design builds on existing technology and creates a magnetic field within a closed space to hold plasma in place long enough for fusion to occur, allowing the hot plasma to react and burn. The reactor itself would be largely self-sustaining, meaning it would continuously heat the plasma to maintain thermonuclear conditions. Heat generated from the reactor would heat up a coolant that is used to spin a turbine and generate electricity, similar to how a typical power plant works
It is clear from the text that-------
engineers have succeeded in making
current energy systems more
environmentally friendly | |
a fusion reactor can produce much more
power than present plants | |
a cheaper way to produce energy from fossil
fuels is under way | |
the fusion power plant design is based
entirely on new technology | |
for the time being, the cost of fusion energy
design is too high to be used widely |
Soru 8 |
Fusion energy almost sounds too good to be true because of zero greenhouse gas emissions, no long-lived radioactive waste, and nearly unlimited fuel supply. Yet, fusion power designs are not cheap enough to outperform systems that use fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. However, University of Washington engineers hope to change that. They have designed a concept for a fusion reactor that, when scaled up to the size of a large electrical power plant, would rival costs for a new coal-fired plant with similar electrical output. The design builds on existing technology and creates a magnetic field within a closed space to hold plasma in place long enough for fusion to occur, allowing the hot plasma to react and burn. The reactor itself would be largely self-sustaining, meaning it would continuously heat the plasma to maintain thermonuclear conditions. Heat generated from the reactor would heat up a coolant that is used to spin a turbine and generate electricity, similar to how a typical power plant works
It is clear from the text that -------.
fusion reactors and fossil-fuelled power
plants can both be turned into
self-sustaining energy sources | |
electricity production in a fusion reactor is
more time-consuming than other power
plants | |
the number of coal-fired power plants is
declining due to fusion reactors in use | |
coal-fired plants will produce less energy if
fusion plants are operational | |
when in use, the fusion power plant will not
release any harmful gases |
Soru 9 |
Fusion energy almost sounds too good to be true because of zero greenhouse gas emissions, no long-lived radioactive waste, and nearly unlimited fuel supply. Yet, fusion power designs are not cheap enough to outperform systems that use fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. However, University of Washington engineers hope to change that. They have designed a concept for a fusion reactor that, when scaled up to the size of a large electrical power plant, would rival costs for a new coal-fired plant with similar electrical output. The design builds on existing technology and creates a magnetic field within a closed space to hold plasma in place long enough for fusion to occur, allowing the hot plasma to react and burn. The reactor itself would be largely self-sustaining, meaning it would continuously heat the plasma to maintain thermonuclear conditions. Heat generated from the reactor would heat up a coolant that is used to spin a turbine and generate electricity, similar to how a typical power plant works
The text mainly deals with -------.
research on future plants run by fossil fuels | |
the cost of fusion power plants and
coal-fired plants | |
a prospective fusion reactor design with
great potential | |
various cost-efficient means of producing
energy | |
existing fusion power plants and their
benefits |
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