(I) An alternative career opportunity for engineers has been offered by Frederick Taylor. (II) He has proposed that engineers should take over the role of managers in the governance of companies and that of politicians in the governance of society. (III) This proposal would lead to the establishment of a technocracy, that is, government by experts. (IV) The role of engineers would, thus, be that of technocrats who, on the basis of technological insight, do what they consider best for a company or for society. (V) For instance, being an engineer requires great responsibility for a number of reasons

(I) An environmentalist, on the other hand, is someone who actively works to preserve the environment from destruction or pollution. (II) Environment includes everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. (III) In turn, all organisms, including people, affect many components in their environment. (IV) From a human point of view, environmental issues involve concerns about science, nature, health, employment, profit, law, politics, ethics, fine arts, and economics. (V) Therefore, environmental science is by its nature a multidisciplinary field

(I) Our food and materials come to us via a system that spans the world and whose consequences are mostly concealed from us. (II) On average, food is said to travel more than 1,300 miles from where it was grown or produced to where it is eaten. (III) In such a system, there is no conceivable way of knowing the human or ecological consequences of eating. (IV) The average citizen of the United States now uses some 186,000 calories of energy each day. (V) Nor can we know the full cost of virtually food that we purchase or discard.

(I) ENIAC, the first electronic computer, was completed in 1945 at the University of Pennsylvania under a military contract. (II) Engineer J. Presper Eckert and physicist John W. Mauchly’s enormous device was powered by 18,000 vacuum tubes and performed 5,000 calculations per second. (III) While computers allegedly reduce paper documents, new copying and printing technologies only increase the flood. (IV) Hungarian refugee John von Neumann soon after developed what became the basic architecture of computer systems. (V) The invention of transistors by lab scientists at Bell Laboratories in 1948 eventually eliminated clumsy vacuum tubes and paved the way for microchips

(I) Dinosaurs were ‘born’ officially in 1842. (II) They were all land-living animals, which poses particular problems. (III) They owe their birth to the work of the British anatomist Richard Owen, whose work had concentrated upon the unique nature of some extinct fossil reptiles. (IV) At the time of Owen’s review, he was working on a surprisingly large collection of fossil bones and teeth that had been discovered up to that time and were scattered around the British Isles. (V) Although the birth of dinosaurs was relatively inauspicious, they were soon to become the centre of worldwide attention

Farmers are under pressure to reduce chemical pesticides and their ability to do so will be aided by the news that the U.S. Department of Agriculture is about to start trialling a device that can kill insects with a laser. Developed by an American company, the ‘Photonic Fence’ is not really a fence at all, but a small box containing lasers, cameras and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) computer system. The cameras scan the air around the device for 100 metres, and the AI system measures the shape, speed and acceleration frequency of any bugs detected to establish which are potentially harmful. Any insects identified as a threat can then be zapped by the lasers, with a ‘kill rate’ of up to 20 insects per second. By deploying several such devices, farmers could effectively create a virtual fence around their crops that kills harmful pests but leaves bees and other beneficial or harmless insects untouched. The U.S. trials will begin soon. If the device is proven to work, then the company hopes to bring a commercial product to market, though that will still be some years away

We understand from the text that the ‘Photonic Fence’ -------.

Farmers are under pressure to reduce chemical pesticides and their ability to do so will be aided by the news that the U.S. Department of Agriculture is about to start trialling a device that can kill insects with a laser. Developed by an American company, the ‘Photonic Fence’ is not really a fence at all, but a small box containing lasers, cameras and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) computer system. The cameras scan the air around the device for 100 metres, and the AI system measures the shape, speed and acceleration frequency of any bugs detected to establish which are potentially harmful. Any insects identified as a threat can then be zapped by the lasers, with a ‘kill rate’ of up to 20 insects per second. By deploying several such devices, farmers could effectively create a virtual fence around their crops that kills harmful pests but leaves bees and other beneficial or harmless insects untouched. The U.S. trials will begin soon. If the device is proven to work, then the company hopes to bring a commercial product to market, though that will still be some years away

It is clear from the text that farmers ------- .

Farmers are under pressure to reduce chemical pesticides and their ability to do so will be aided by the news that the U.S. Department of Agriculture is about to start trialling a device that can kill insects with a laser. Developed by an American company, the ‘Photonic Fence’ is not really a fence at all, but a small box containing lasers, cameras and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) computer system. The cameras scan the air around the device for 100 metres, and the AI system measures the shape, speed and acceleration frequency of any bugs detected to establish which are potentially harmful. Any insects identified as a threat can then be zapped by the lasers, with a ‘kill rate’ of up to 20 insects per second. By deploying several such devices, farmers could effectively create a virtual fence around their crops that kills harmful pests but leaves bees and other beneficial or harmless insects untouched. The U.S. trials will begin soon. If the device is proven to work, then the company hopes to bring a commercial product to market, though that will still be some years away

The text is mainly about -------.

Wernher von Braun is famous for being the creator of the space program that made it possible to put the first person on the moon on July 20, 1969. He grew up in Germany. From an early age he was fascinated by rocket technology and was involved in developing rockets for the German army in the 1930s. In 1937, he joined Hitler’s National Socialist Party, about which he later stated: “My refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have had to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I decided to join”. In 1943, it was claimed that he sabotaged the V2 rocket program, and was arrested by the Nazis. Later, however, he was released. In 1945, he realized that the Germans were going to lose the war, and arranged for his team to be handed over to the Americans. In the U.S., Von Braun originally worked on the development of rockets for military purposes. His dream came true by playing a key role in the space travel program. Von Braun’s big dream did therefore ultimately come true.

According to the text, Von Braun joined Hitler’s party -------

Wernher von Braun is famous for being the creator of the space program that made it possible to put the first person on the moon on July 20, 1969. He grew up in Germany. From an early age he was fascinated by rocket technology and was involved in developing rockets for the German army in the 1930s. In 1937, he joined Hitler’s National Socialist Party, about which he later stated: “My refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have had to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I decided to join”. In 1943, it was claimed that he sabotaged the V2 rocket program, and was arrested by the Nazis. Later, however, he was released. In 1945, he realized that the Germans were going to lose the war, and arranged for his team to be handed over to the Americans. In the U.S., Von Braun originally worked on the development of rockets for military purposes. His dream came true by playing a key role in the space travel program. Von Braun’s big dream did therefore ultimately come true.

It is understood from the text that Von Braun -------.

Wernher von Braun is famous for being the creator of the space program that made it possible to put the first person on the moon on July 20, 1969. He grew up in Germany. From an early age he was fascinated by rocket technology and was involved in developing rockets for the German army in the 1930s. In 1937, he joined Hitler’s National Socialist Party, about which he later stated: “My refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have had to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I decided to join”. In 1943, it was claimed that he sabotaged the V2 rocket program, and was arrested by the Nazis. Later, however, he was released. In 1945, he realized that the Germans were going to lose the war, and arranged for his team to be handed over to the Americans. In the U.S., Von Braun originally worked on the development of rockets for military purposes. His dream came true by playing a key role in the space travel program. Von Braun’s big dream did therefore ultimately come true.

The text is mainly about -------