Between 1950 and 2000, the world population increased from about 2.5 billion to over 6 billion people. Throughout this era, food shortages and malnutrition persisted in parts of eastern and southern Asia, Central and South America, and throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Famines were caused by human factors such as war, civil strife, and failed economic and political policies, while sometimes being exacerbated by natural disasters such as drought. -------. Hundreds of thousands of others left their homes, walking long distances to neighbouring countries in search of food. These refugees then became dependent on subsistence aid from governments or relief agencies.

The term ‘archaeology’ comes from the Greek word arkhaiologia , which means “discourse about ancient things”. Yet, it has come to mean the study of the human past through surviving material traces. The term ‘human’ past needs stressing, because archaeologists do not – contrary to what many of us believe – study dinosaurs, or rocks. --------. Archaeologists cannot possibly study dinosaurs, because they had been extinct for tens of millions of years by the time the first humans evolved

Global urbanisation is one of the biggest social transformations in human history. With more than half of the world’s population already living in cities, and 90 percent of population growth by 2050 projected to be added to them, cities are at the forefront of the battle for sustainability. They pose major challenges for city planners and policymakers, such as land use, resource demand, and air and water pollution. This being so, however, it is expected that more urban areas will be built in the next 30 years than ever before. -------. If cities continue to expand at this rate, the projected urbanisation alone will exceed the limit set by the 2015 Paris climate agreement.

(I) The connection between philosophy and literature is acknowledged by many recent scholars. (II) Most ancient philosophers see their task as being, in general, that of understanding the world, a task which includes understanding ourselves. (III) In this respect, Aristotle has indicated that all humans by nature desire ‘to understand’. (IV) What is meant is not a piling-up of known facts, but rather the achievement of understanding. (V) This is something that we do when we master a field or body of knowledge and explain systematically why things are the way they are

(I) Reading, unlike speaking and understanding, must be deliberately taught. (II) Three methods of teaching reading have been used in the United States: whole-word, whole-language , and phonics . (III) In the whole-word and whole-language approaches, children are taught to recognize entire words without regard to individual letters and sounds. (IV) The phonics approach emphasizes the spelling-sound correspondences of the language, and thus draws on the child’s innate phonological knowledge. (V) However, students of all ages must learn content material such as maths and science

(I) As mass culture became steadily more spectacular and immersive – with larger high-definition TV sets and vast cinema screens, with the enclosed and carefully calculated spectacle of the shopping centre or theme park – art had to compete. (II) Art could do so by feeding off the allure of mass culture while adding its own aesthetic and estranged edge. (III) It could reverse the norms of mass culture, providing impressive, non-functional objects and environments that, unlike those of the mall or resort, were not geared to selling. (IV) Both of whom have recently had shows in New York’s most important art museums. (V) Lastly, art could compete with mass culture by making representations of a scale, richness of colour, and definition unknown in the mass media.

(I) Built in 1961, the Berlin Wall quickly became the most vivid symbol of the Cold War. (II) The agreement in question came to an end with the breakup of the Soviet Union. (III) The 28 miles of wall with barbed wire and minefields separated the Soviet-controlled East Berlin from the U.S. supported West Berlin. (IV) Passage across the border between East and West Berlin was heavily restricted. (V) Families were divided after its establishment, and some East Berliners were no longer able to commute to work.

Images on coins are not chosen randomly. They function as emblems of the country that mints them. The Greek word “Europe” is the name of a mythical figure, and also defines the geographical and political entity Europe. The double meaning is not coincidental. The fortunes of the mythical figure and the region have been intimately connected from antiquity, though the precise nature of their relationship was complex and contested. The coin suggests a clever play on the word ‘Europa’. It uses the mythical “Europa” to symbolize modern Europe. In doing so, it makes a powerful statement about national (and international) identities and about modern Europe´s cultural origins. The Euro was introduced in 2002 to mark a new world order: the creation of a new Europe or the European Union. At this moment of great change, the coin provides the reassurance of continuity; new Europe is also old Europe, with a long and venerable tradition that goes back to ancient Greece. Thus, the repetition of the symbol promotes the European Union

According to the text, the word 'Europa'  -------.

Images on coins are not chosen randomly. They function as emblems of the country that mints them. The Greek word “Europe” is the name of a mythical figure, and also defines the geographical and political entity Europe. The double meaning is not coincidental. The fortunes of the mythical figure and the region have been intimately connected from antiquity, though the precise nature of their relationship was complex and contested. The coin suggests a clever play on the word ‘Europa’. It uses the mythical “Europa” to symbolize modern Europe. In doing so, it makes a powerful statement about national (and international) identities and about modern Europe´s cultural origins. The Euro was introduced in 2002 to mark a new world order: the creation of a new Europe or the European Union. At this moment of great change, the coin provides the reassurance of continuity; new Europe is also old Europe, with a long and venerable tradition that goes back to ancient Greece. Thus, the repetition of the symbol promotes the European Union

We understand from the text that the symbol of Europa on European coins --------.

Images on coins are not chosen randomly. They function as emblems of the country that mints them. The Greek word “Europe” is the name of a mythical figure, and also defines the geographical and political entity Europe. The double meaning is not coincidental. The fortunes of the mythical figure and the region have been intimately connected from antiquity, though the precise nature of their relationship was complex and contested. The coin suggests a clever play on the word ‘Europa’. It uses the mythical “Europa” to symbolize modern Europe. In doing so, it makes a powerful statement about national (and international) identities and about modern Europe´s cultural origins. The Euro was introduced in 2002 to mark a new world order: the creation of a new Europe or the European Union. At this moment of great change, the coin provides the reassurance of continuity; new Europe is also old Europe, with a long and venerable tradition that goes back to ancient Greece. Thus, the repetition of the symbol promotes the European Union

According to the text, images used on coins -------.